Paul Carus was born in Ilsenburg, Germany. Emigrating to the U.S.A. in the early 1880s because of his liberal views, he preached reverence for science and espoused a monistic philosophy with pantheistic overtones in such works as Philosophy as a Science (1909). A prolific writer, he also helped found two important journals, The Open Court (1887) and the Monist (1890), and was director of the Open Court Publishing Company in Chicago.